The surprising link between periodontal disease and heart health: What dental professionals need to know
Can your mouth tell if you’re at risk for heart disease? It just may! Researchers have found that people with periodontal disease are almost twice as likely to have heart disease. (1) A recent analysis shows that the potential heart disease risk for patients with periodontal disease may be even greater than for those with high cholesterol. (2) For too many Americans, this reality hits close to home in that more than 85 million Americans have some form of cardiovascular disease (CVD) (3), while more than 200 million American adults have some form of periodontal disease. (4)
February is both Heart Health Month and Gum Disease Awareness Month
Given the link between these two systemic diseases, the dental profession can be considered a key assessor of not just oral health, but also heart health. Can we help save the 800,000 Americans who die from CVD annually? (1) Or can we help the 795,000 people who have a stroke in the United States annually? (5) The first step is helping the general population understand how these chronic diseases may be related.Understanding the link between periodontal disease and heart disease: The suspected role of bacteria and inflammation
Scientists suspect the link between the two diseases is due to the same bacteria. In this scenario, bacteria found in infected gum tissue around teeth break down the barrier between the gums and the underlying connective tissue, causing inflammation. During normal chewing or brushing, bacteria can enter the bloodstream and move to other parts of the circulatory system, contributing to the formation of cardiovascular disease.
Inflammation, or swelling, is the body’s natural response to infection. It is possible that as oral bacteria travel through the body it triggers a similar response, which then leads to the formation of arterial plaque. (6) Oral bacteria have been found in the fatty deposits of people with atherosclerosis. (7) These deposits can narrow arteries or break loose and clog them entirely, leading to heart attack or stroke.
While scientists are still researching whether inflammation is at the root of the problem, one thing is for sure: It is firmly established that a link exists between periodontal disease and heart disease.
Treating periodontal disease: Helping patients’ total health
Given the link between periodontal disease and heart health—not to mention tooth loss and the multitude of other systemic diseases linked to periodontitis—it is important for patients to accept effective treatment. Treatment itself is not enough; treatment must be successful to have an impact. (8)
The first step in effective treatment is diagnosis. Is your hygiene team actively looking for the disease? Do you have a proper probing protocol in place? Patients often don’t understand, or simply ignore, the warning markers of periodontal disease, so it is imperative that your office has the tools in place to inform patients. Initial symptoms of periodontal disease are often silent—i.e., symptoms do not actually appear until later stages.
The American Academy of Periodontology lists the signs of periodontal disease as the following: (9)
- Red, swollen, or tender gums or other pain in the mouth
- Bleeding while brushing, flossing, or eating hard food
- Gums that are receding or pulling away from the teeth, causing the teeth to look longer than before
- Loose or separating teeth
- Pus between the gums and teeth
- Sores in the mouth
- Persistent bad breath
- A change in the way the teeth fit together when one bites down
- A change in the fit of partial dentures
A patient-friendly, less-invasive treatment for periodontal disease
Even with a prompt diagnosis, patients often refuse surgical treatment—including flap surgery, soft-tissue grafts, bone grafting, guided tissue regeneration, and the application of enamel matrix derivative—out of fear or misunderstanding. (10) The way to repair damage caused by periodontal disease is to get rid of the infection and close up the pockets. Until recently that meant painful scraping and scalpel-and-suture surgery. How can we reach past inherent fear and help patients understand the importance of treatment that is imperative to total health? Today, many general dentists and periodontists offer a patient-friendly, less-invasive laser procedure—the LANAP protocol—as another option for effective treatment that helps alleviate patient fear.
As a profession, we can help educate patients about the oral-systemic connection by looking for early symptoms of periodontal disease and offering minimally invasive treatment options that patients will accept. Every 40 seconds an American adult has a stroke. (11) Could you help save a life today?
References
1. Fehrenbach MJ, Herring SW. Illustrated Anatomy of the Head and Neck. 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2012:127-151.
2. Mathews MJ, Mathews EH, Mathews GE. Oral health and coronary heart disease. BMC Oral Health. 2016;16(1):122. Published online November 15, 2016. doi: 10.1186/s12903-016-0316-7.
3. Writing group members, Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2016 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;133(4):e38-e360. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000350.
4. Li Y, Lee S, Hujoel P et al. Prevalence and severity of gingivitis in American adults. Am J Dent. 2010;23(1):9-13.
5. Stroke facts. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/facts.htm. Updated March 24, 2015. Accessed January 17, 2017.
6. Freire MO, Van Dyke TE. The mechanisms behind oral-systemic interactions. In: Glick M, ed. The Oral-Systemic Health Connection: A Guide to Patient Care. Chicago, IL: Quintessence; 2014:Chapter 5, 103-119.
7. Leishman SJ, Do HL, Ford PJ. Cardiovascular disease and the role of oral bacteria. J Oral Microbiol. 2010; 2. doi: 10.3402/jom.v2i0.5781.
8. Jeffcoat M, Parry S, Sammel M, Clothier B, Catlin A, Macones G. Periodontal infection and preterm birth: successful periodontal therapy reduces the risk of preterm birth. BJOG. 2011;118(2):250-256. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2010.02713.x.
9. Gum disease symptoms. American Academy of Periodontology. https://www.perio.org/consumer/gum-disease-symptoms.htm. Accessed January 17, 2017.
10. Mayo Clinic staff. Diseases and conditions. Periodontitis. Mayo Clinic. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/periodontitis/basics/definition/con-20021679. Published February 4, 2014. Accessed January 18, 2017.
11. Impact of stroke (stroke statistics). American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. http://www.strokeassociation.org/STROKEORG/AboutStroke/Impact-of-Stroke-Stroke-statistics_UCM_310728_Article.jsp. Updated June 6, 2016. Accessed January 17, 2017.
